Pembelajaran VIII : Paragraph Development
Paragraph
Development
A. Materi : Paragraph Development
To understand paragraph we need to
know how the paragraph is developed.
At present, we will try to make it
ckear by discussing paragraph development.
How to Support Topic Sentences
1. Begin
each body paragraph with a topic sentence.
2. The
topic sentence expresses your main opinion in the paragraph.
3. Next,
support your opinion with reasonable detail.
4. Provide
more than one support for each topic sentence.
5. Picture:
Unity:
The Topic Sentence
A paragraph deals with one main idea (topic
sentence). If you are moving away from that idea, conclude the paragraph and
start a new one. The first thing you must determine about each paragraph is its
focus. Once you have done so, you should never allow yourself to veer away from
that governing idea. Most often the topic sentence comes first, and the point
made in the topic sentence is developed and supported by the rest of the
paragraph. Without some kind of topic sentence, the paragraph is rudderless and
the reader is lost. Undeveloped essays may contain entire paragraphs of topic
sentences, combining several expandable ideas into one block of unsupported
assertions. If an idea is important enough to mention it is important enough to
develop; if a general statement is worth making, it is worth supporting in
detail.
Developing
your Topic Sentence
After the topic
sentence, the rest of the paragraph supports the point you wish to make.
Inexperienced writers often fail to construct effective paragraphs because they
make an assertion without backing it up. If you are writing a paper about THE
NEGATIVE IMPACTS OF ON LINE GAME, you might find it useful to include
statistical information to strengthen your argument. Never state without
supporting evidence.
Paragraph
Transitions
Sentences must
follow one another in a logical pattern. If thoughts follow one another without
sufficient connection, the essay will make no sense. Within each paragraph you
will be using transitions almost continuously.
TRANSITIONAL EXPRESSIONS
Transitional words give unity and
coherence to the paragraph by relating sentences to each other. Linking words
and word groups are called transitional expressions.
1. Addition....also,
in addition, too moreover, and, besides, further, furthermore, equally
important, next, then finally.
2. Example.....for
example, for instance, thus, as an illustration, namely, specifically.
3. Contrast....but,
yet however, on the other hand, nevertheless, nonetheless, conversely, in
contrast, on the contrary, still, at the same time.
4. Comparison....similarly,
likewise, in like manner, in the same way, in comparison.
5. Concession....of
course, to be sure, certainly, naturally, granted.
6. Result....
.therefore, thus, consequently, so, accordingly, due to this.
7. Summary......as
a result, hence, in short, in brief, in summary, in conclusion, finally, on the
whole.
8. Time......
first, second, third, fourth, next, then, finally, afterwards, before, soon,
later, during, meanwhile, subsequently, immediately, at length, eventually, in
the future, currently.
9. Place.....
in front, in the foreground, in the back, in the background, at the side,
adjacent, nearby, in the distance, here, there.
Types
of Support Include
1. Examples
or illustrations
2. Definitions
of terms
3. Descriptions
of people, places, things
4. Narrations
or brief stories
5. Comparisons
and contrasts
6. Causes
and/or effects
7. Classifications
of groups
Support
by Example
Examples make the topic sentence more
believable.
“A good friend is someone who keeps
my secrets.”
“My best friend Nida, for example,
never shares my secrets with anyone.”
Support
by Definition
Definitions help clarify the meaning
of terms or key concepts
A commuter is a person who travels
some distances to work on a regular basis. The company provides showers and
lockers for bicycle commuters.
A commuter sinonim daily travelers,
traveler, passangers
Support
by Description
Writers use descriptions to explain
what they mean.
“My dream house must have an upstairs
bedroom for added privacy, a kitchen big enough for at least two people to cook
in, and a living room with a good view of natural scenery like a lake or a
waterfall.”
Tell a brief story to support your
topic.
“I didn’t pay much attention to my
brother’s advice until I bought my first car.
He told me not to shift until the car was stopped, but I like to shift
into drive while the car was rolling back.
It made the tires sound off. Then
I broke the transmission doing it; it cost too much to get it fixed, so now I
listen to my brother.”
Comparisons
clarify ideas
Writers provide comparisons to help
readers understand their point.
“I paid nothing for high school, so
pretty much I just blew it off as unimportant.
College, on the other hand, costs me about $1,000 per semester. Because I’m paying for it, it means a lot more
to me!”
Results
explain points
Writers use effects to explain their
points to readers.
“With the unnecessary war, the
president is putting too many soldiers in danger.”
“Having school year-around will help
kids to learn a lot more information.”
Causes
also explain
Another focus is to point to causes.
“The exit essay is so difficult that
it is causing a lot of students to fail English.”
“The cause of test anxiety is that
most students aren’t secure about their knowledge of the information.”
Support Thesis Sentences with a
Variety Development
Examples or illustrations
Definitions of terms
Descriptions of people, places,
things
Narrations or brief stories
Comparisons and contrasts
Causes and/or effects
Classifications of groups
Which developmental style is needed?
1. What kind of student are you?
a.
example, b. definition, c. cause.
2. How do you make friends?
a.
description, b. contrast,
c.
classification.
3.
Why do you come to college early?
a.
illustration, b. narration, c. cause.
Example
Development Paragraphs
Descriptive Paragraph
1.
Describe: I am going to DESCRIBE
a sunset!
Sunset is the time
of day when our sky meets the outer space solar winds. There are blue, pink,
and purple swirls, spinning and twisting, like clouds of balloons caught in a
whirlwind. The sun moves slowly to hide behind the line of horizon, while the
moon races to take its place in prominence atop the night sky. People slow to a
crawl, entranced, fully forgetting the deeds that must still be done. There is
a coolness, a calmness, when the sun does set.
Informational
Paragraph and a Narrative Paragraph
2. Inform: I am going to INFORM you about the Apollo 11
space mission.
On July 16, 1969,
the Apollo 11 spacecraft launched from the Kennedy Space Center in Florida. Its
mission was to go where no human being had gone before—the moon! The crew
consisted of Neil Armstrong, Michael Collins, and Buzz Aldrin. The spacecraft
landed on the moon in the Sea of Tranquility, a basaltic flood plain, on July
20, 1969. The moonwalk took place the following day. On July 21, 1969, at
precisely 10:56 EDT, Commander Neil Armstrong emerged from the Lunar Module and
took his famous first step onto the moon’s surface. He declared, “That’s one
small step for man, one giant leap for mankind.” It was a monumental moment in
human history!
Narrate: I am going to NARRATE a story about the
Apollo 11 space mission.
It was July 21,
1969, and Neil Armstrong awoke with a start. It was the day he would become the
first human being to ever walk on the moon. The journey had begun several days
earlier, when on July 16th, the Apollo 11 launched from Earth headed into outer
space. On board with Neil Armstrong were Michael Collins and Buzz Aldrin. The
crew landed on the moon in the Sea of Tranquility a day before the actual walk.
Upon Neil’s first step onto the moon’s surface, he declared, “That’s one small
step for man, one giant leap for mankind.” It sure was!
Process
or How-to Paragraph
3.
Process: I am going to explain
the PROCESS of cleaning and organizing your room.
OR How-to: I am going to describe HOW-TO clean and
organize your room.
Here is the
perfect system for cleaning your room. First, move all of the items that do not
have a proper place to the center of the room. Get rid of at least five things
that you have not used within the last year. Take out all of the trash, and
place all of the dirty dishes in the kitchen sink. Now find a location for each
of the items you had placed in the center of the room. For any remaining items,
see if you can squeeze them in under your bed or stuff them into the back of
your closet. See, that was easy!
Compare
and Contrast Paragraph
4.
Compare/Contrast: I am going to
COMPARE and CONTRAST an ocean and a lake.
Oceans and lakes
have much in common, but they are also quite different. Both are bodies of
water, but oceans are very large bodies of salt water, while lakes are much
smaller bodies of fresh water. Lakes are usually surrounded by land, while
oceans are what surround continents. Both have plants and animals living in
them. The ocean is home to the largest animals on the planet, whereas lakes
support much smaller forms of life. When it is time for a vacation, both will
make a great place to visit and enjoy.
Critical
Paragraph
5. Critique:
I am going to CRITIQUE the Blue Whales’ first baseball game of the new
season.
The Blue Whales
just played their first baseball game of the new season; I believe there is much
to be excited about. Although they lost, it was against an excellent team that
had won the championship last year. The Blue Whales fell behind early but
showed excellent teamwork and came back to tie the game. The team had 15 hits
and scored 8 runs. That’s excellent! Unfortunately, they had 5 fielding errors,
which kept the other team in the lead the entire game. The game ended with the
umpire making a bad call, and if the call had gone the other way, the Blue
Whales might have actually won the game. It wasn’t a victory, but I say the
Blue Whales look like they have a shot at the championship, especially if they
continue to improve.
Persuasive
Paragraph and Argumentative Paragraph
6.
Persuade: I am going to PERSUADE
my neighbors to buy tickets to the school fair.
The school fair is
right around the corner, and tickets have just gone on sale. We are selling a
limited number of tickets at a discount, so move fast and get yours while they
are still available. This is going to be an event you will not want to miss!
First off, the school fair is a great value when compared with other forms of
entertainment. Also, your ticket purchase will help our school, and when you
help the school, it helps the entire community. But that’s not all! Every
ticket you purchase enters you in a drawing to win fabulous prizes. And don’t
forget, you will have mountains of fun because there are acres and acres of
great rides, fun games, and entertaining attractions! Spend time with your
family and friends at our school fair. Buy your tickets now!
Argue: I am going to present a logical ARGUMENT as
to why my neighbor should attend the school fair.
The school fair is
right around the corner, and tickets have just gone on sale. Even though you
may be busy, you will still want to reserve just one day out of an entire year
to relax and have fun with us. Even if you don’t have much money, you don’t
have to worry. A school fair is a community event, and therefore prices are
kept low. Perhaps, you are still not convinced. Maybe you feel you are too old
for fairs, or you just don’t like them. Well, that’s what my grandfather
thought, but he came to last year’s school fair and had this to say about it:
“I had the best time of my life!” While it’s true that you may be able to think
of a reason not to come, I’m also sure that you can think of several reasons
why you must come. We look forward to
seeing you at the school fair!
B.
Rangkuman VIII
There are a lot of
sentence genres that help us to identify what kinds of paragraph we are going
to write. Some of them can be a descriptive text, narrative text, spoof,
anecdote, news item, report, recount, analytical exposition, hortatory
exposition, review text et cetera. A good paragraph is a paragraph which is
easy to understand or unity. It has
logical in its content. To build a unity paragraph, we need that all
sentences have coherent to each other. It means that the sentence which has
good relation will be in harmony in its meaning. The harmony of sentence can be
supported by transition words. The unity of the paragraph will be supported by
how we develop the definition. They can be
The way we support Examples
or illustrations definitions of terms, descriptions of people, places, things,
narrations or brief stories, comparisons and contrasts, causes and/or effects,
classifications of groups.
C.
Latihan
Essay
Write a paragraph about United States:
1. New
York City is in the United States.
2. New
York City is located in New York State.
3. It
borders on the Atlantic Ocean.
4. It
was founded in 1625 as "New Amsterdam".
5. It
was first settled by the Dutch.
6. It
is important for commerce.
7. Wall
Street is located in New York City.
8. It
has many national and international banks.
9. It
has many important skyscrapers.
10. The
World Trade Center is located in New York City.
11. The
Empire State Building is in New York City.
12. New
York City is an important city for immigration.
13. Ellis
Island used to be the entry point for many immigrants at the turn of the
century.
14. There
is an interesting immigration museum on Ellis Island.
Alternative Answer:
New York, New York is located on the
Atlantic Coast of the United States of America. It was first settled as
"New Amsterdam" in 1625 by the Dutch. Today, New York City is an
important commercial and banking center which includes Wall Street. Among its
many important skyscrapers are the World Trade Center and The Empire State
Building. One of the most interesting museums is on Ellis Island which served
as the entry point for many immigrants who passed through New York City at the
turn of the century.
D.
Evaluasi
Write a paragraph about Elvis Presley
1. Elvis Presley was an American
2. He was a singer and actor
3. He was famous for rock-and-roll.
4. He was born in Tupelo, Mississippi.
5. He was born on January 8, 1935
6. He started singing in church.
7. He taught himself to play the guitar.
8. He first became popular on the local touring circuit for
country-and-western music.
9. He sang romantic songs.
10. He danced erotically.
11. Teens loved him for his new style.
12. He had many hits.
13. He sang "Love Me Tender",
"All Shook Up", and "Don't Be Cruel".
14. He died on August 16, 1977.
15. He died in Memphis, Tennessee.
16. He might have died of drug and alcohol abuse.
E.
Video
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