Paragraph Development
A.       Materi  : Paragraph Development
To understand paragraph we need to know how the paragraph is developed.
At present, we will try to make it ckear by discussing paragraph development.
How to Support Topic Sentences
1.  Begin each body paragraph with a topic sentence.
2.  The topic sentence expresses your main opinion in the paragraph.
3.  Next, support your opinion with reasonable detail.
4.  Provide more than one support for each topic sentence.       
5.  Picture:
Unity: The Topic Sentence
 A paragraph deals with one main idea (topic sentence). If you are moving away from that idea, conclude the paragraph and start a new one. The first thing you must determine about each paragraph is its focus. Once you have done so, you should never allow yourself to veer away from that governing idea. Most often the topic sentence comes first, and the point made in the topic sentence is developed and supported by the rest of the paragraph. Without some kind of topic sentence, the paragraph is rudderless and the reader is lost. Undeveloped essays may contain entire paragraphs of topic sentences, combining several expandable ideas into one block of unsupported assertions. If an idea is important enough to mention it is important enough to develop; if a general statement is worth making, it is worth supporting in detail.
Developing your Topic Sentence
After the topic sentence, the rest of the paragraph supports the point you wish to make. Inexperienced writers often fail to construct effective paragraphs because they make an assertion without backing it up. If you are writing a paper about THE NEGATIVE IMPACTS OF ON LINE GAME, you might find it useful to include statistical information to strengthen your argument. Never state without supporting evidence.
Paragraph Transitions
Sentences must follow one another in a logical pattern. If thoughts follow one another without sufficient connection, the essay will make no sense. Within each paragraph you will be using transitions almost continuously.
TRANSITIONAL EXPRESSIONS
Transitional words give unity and coherence to the paragraph by relating sentences to each other. Linking words and word groups are called transitional expressions.
1.      Addition....also, in addition, too moreover, and, besides, further, furthermore, equally important, next, then finally.
2.      Example.....for example, for instance, thus, as an illustration, namely, specifically.
3.      Contrast....but, yet however, on the other hand, nevertheless, nonetheless, conversely, in contrast, on the contrary, still, at the same time.
4.      Comparison....similarly, likewise, in like manner, in the same way, in comparison.
5.      Concession....of course, to be sure, certainly, naturally, granted.
6.      Result.... .therefore, thus, consequently, so, accordingly, due to this.
7.      Summary......as a result, hence, in short, in brief, in summary, in conclusion, finally, on the whole.
8.      Time...... first, second, third, fourth, next, then, finally, afterwards, before, soon, later, during, meanwhile, subsequently, immediately, at length, eventually, in the future, currently.
9.      Place..... in front, in the foreground, in the back, in the background, at the side, adjacent, nearby, in the distance, here, there.

Types of Support Include
1.  Examples or illustrations
2.  Definitions of terms
3.  Descriptions of people, places, things
4.  Narrations or brief stories
5.  Comparisons and contrasts
6.  Causes and/or effects
7.  Classifications of groups
Support by Example
Examples make the topic sentence more believable.
“A good friend is someone who keeps my secrets.”
“My best friend Nida, for example, never shares my secrets with anyone.”
Support by Definition
Definitions help clarify the meaning of terms or key concepts
A commuter is a person who travels some distances to work on a regular basis. The company provides showers and lockers for bicycle commuters.
A commuter sinonim daily travelers, traveler, passangers

Support by Description
Writers use descriptions to explain what they mean.
“My dream house must have an upstairs bedroom for added privacy, a kitchen big enough for at least two people to cook in, and a living room with a good view of natural scenery like a lake or a waterfall.”
 Narratives clarify ideas
Tell a brief story to support your topic.
“I didn’t pay much attention to my brother’s advice until I bought my first car.  He told me not to shift until the car was stopped, but I like to shift into drive while the car was rolling back.  It made the tires sound off.  Then I broke the transmission doing it; it cost too much to get it fixed, so now I listen to my brother.”
Comparisons clarify ideas
Writers provide comparisons to help readers understand their point.
“I paid nothing for high school, so pretty much I just blew it off as unimportant.  College, on the other hand, costs me about $1,000 per semester.  Because I’m paying for it, it means a lot more to me!”
Results explain points
Writers use effects to explain their points to readers.
“With the unnecessary war, the president is putting too many soldiers in danger.”
“Having school year-around will help kids to learn a lot more information.”
Causes also explain
Another focus is to point to causes.
“The exit essay is so difficult that it is causing a lot of students to fail English.”
“The cause of test anxiety is that most students aren’t secure about their knowledge of the information.”
Support Thesis Sentences with a Variety Development
Examples or illustrations
Definitions of terms
Descriptions of people, places, things
Narrations or brief stories
Comparisons and contrasts
Causes and/or effects
Classifications of groups
Which developmental style is needed?
1. What kind of student are you?
     a. example, b. definition, c. cause.
2. How do you make friends?
     a. description, b. contrast,
     c. classification.
3.  Why do you come to college early?
     a. illustration, b. narration, c. cause.

Example Development Paragraphs
Descriptive Paragraph
1.  Describe:   I am going to DESCRIBE a sunset!

Sunset is the time of day when our sky meets the outer space solar winds. There are blue, pink, and purple swirls, spinning and twisting, like clouds of balloons caught in a whirlwind. The sun moves slowly to hide behind the line of horizon, while the moon races to take its place in prominence atop the night sky. People slow to a crawl, entranced, fully forgetting the deeds that must still be done. There is a coolness, a calmness, when the sun does set.

Informational Paragraph and a Narrative Paragraph
2. Inform:   I am going to INFORM you about the Apollo 11 space mission.   
On July 16, 1969, the Apollo 11 spacecraft launched from the Kennedy Space Center in Florida. Its mission was to go where no human being had gone before—the moon! The crew consisted of Neil Armstrong, Michael Collins, and Buzz Aldrin. The spacecraft landed on the moon in the Sea of Tranquility, a basaltic flood plain, on July 20, 1969. The moonwalk took place the following day. On July 21, 1969, at precisely 10:56 EDT, Commander Neil Armstrong emerged from the Lunar Module and took his famous first step onto the moon’s surface. He declared, “That’s one small step for man, one giant leap for mankind.” It was a monumental moment in human history!

Narrate:   I am going to NARRATE a story about the Apollo 11 space mission.
It was July 21, 1969, and Neil Armstrong awoke with a start. It was the day he would become the first human being to ever walk on the moon. The journey had begun several days earlier, when on July 16th, the Apollo 11 launched from Earth headed into outer space. On board with Neil Armstrong were Michael Collins and Buzz Aldrin. The crew landed on the moon in the Sea of Tranquility a day before the actual walk. Upon Neil’s first step onto the moon’s surface, he declared, “That’s one small step for man, one giant leap for mankind.” It sure was!

Process or How-to Paragraph
3.  Process:   I am going to explain the PROCESS of cleaning and organizing your room.
OR How-to:   I am going to describe HOW-TO clean and organize your room.
Here is the perfect system for cleaning your room. First, move all of the items that do not have a proper place to the center of the room. Get rid of at least five things that you have not used within the last year. Take out all of the trash, and place all of the dirty dishes in the kitchen sink. Now find a location for each of the items you had placed in the center of the room. For any remaining items, see if you can squeeze them in under your bed or stuff them into the back of your closet. See, that was easy!
Compare and Contrast Paragraph
4.  Compare/Contrast:   I am going to COMPARE and CONTRAST an ocean and a lake.
Oceans and lakes have much in common, but they are also quite different. Both are bodies of water, but oceans are very large bodies of salt water, while lakes are much smaller bodies of fresh water. Lakes are usually surrounded by land, while oceans are what surround continents. Both have plants and animals living in them. The ocean is home to the largest animals on the planet, whereas lakes support much smaller forms of life. When it is time for a vacation, both will make a great place to visit and enjoy.

Critical Paragraph
5.  Critique:   I am going to CRITIQUE the Blue Whales’ first baseball game of the new season.
The Blue Whales just played their first baseball game of the new season; I believe there is much to be excited about. Although they lost, it was against an excellent team that had won the championship last year. The Blue Whales fell behind early but showed excellent teamwork and came back to tie the game. The team had 15 hits and scored 8 runs. That’s excellent! Unfortunately, they had 5 fielding errors, which kept the other team in the lead the entire game. The game ended with the umpire making a bad call, and if the call had gone the other way, the Blue Whales might have actually won the game. It wasn’t a victory, but I say the Blue Whales look like they have a shot at the championship, especially if they continue to improve.

Persuasive Paragraph and Argumentative Paragraph
6.  Persuade:   I am going to PERSUADE my neighbors to buy tickets to the school fair.

The school fair is right around the corner, and tickets have just gone on sale. We are selling a limited number of tickets at a discount, so move fast and get yours while they are still available. This is going to be an event you will not want to miss! First off, the school fair is a great value when compared with other forms of entertainment. Also, your ticket purchase will help our school, and when you help the school, it helps the entire community. But that’s not all! Every ticket you purchase enters you in a drawing to win fabulous prizes. And don’t forget, you will have mountains of fun because there are acres and acres of great rides, fun games, and entertaining attractions! Spend time with your family and friends at our school fair. Buy your tickets now!

Argue:   I am going to present a logical ARGUMENT as to why my neighbor should attend the school fair.
The school fair is right around the corner, and tickets have just gone on sale. Even though you may be busy, you will still want to reserve just one day out of an entire year to relax and have fun with us. Even if you don’t have much money, you don’t have to worry. A school fair is a community event, and therefore prices are kept low. Perhaps, you are still not convinced. Maybe you feel you are too old for fairs, or you just don’t like them. Well, that’s what my grandfather thought, but he came to last year’s school fair and had this to say about it: “I had the best time of my life!” While it’s true that you may be able to think of a reason not to come, I’m also sure that you can think of several reasons why you must come.  We look forward to seeing you at the school fair!
B.        Rangkuman VIII
There are a lot of sentence genres that help us to identify what kinds of paragraph we are going to write. Some of them can be a descriptive text, narrative text, spoof, anecdote, news item, report, recount, analytical exposition, hortatory exposition, review text et cetera. A good paragraph is a paragraph which is easy to understand or unity. It has  logical in its content. To build a unity paragraph, we need that all sentences have coherent to each other. It means that the sentence which has good relation will be in harmony in its meaning. The harmony of sentence can be supported by transition words. The unity of the paragraph will be supported by how we develop the definition. They can be
The way we support Examples or illustrations definitions of terms, descriptions of people, places, things, narrations or brief stories, comparisons and contrasts, causes and/or effects, classifications of groups.
C.       Latihan Essay
Write a paragraph about United States:
1.      New York City is in the United States.
2.      New York City is located in New York State.
3.      It borders on the Atlantic Ocean.
4.      It was founded in 1625 as "New Amsterdam".
5.      It was first settled by the Dutch.
6.      It is important for commerce.
7.      Wall Street is located in New York City.
8.      It has many national and international banks.
9.      It has many important skyscrapers.
10.  The World Trade Center is located in New York City.
11.  The Empire State Building is in New York City.
12.  New York City is an important city for immigration.
13.  Ellis Island used to be the entry point for many immigrants at the turn of the century.
14.  There is an interesting immigration museum on Ellis Island.

Alternative Answer:
New York, New York is located on the Atlantic Coast of the United States of America. It was first settled as "New Amsterdam" in 1625 by the Dutch. Today, New York City is an important commercial and banking center which includes Wall Street. Among its many important skyscrapers are the World Trade Center and The Empire State Building. One of the most interesting museums is on Ellis Island which served as the entry point for many immigrants who passed through New York City at the turn of the century.
D.       Evaluasi
Write a paragraph about Elvis Presley
1.      Elvis Presley was an American
2.      He was a singer and actor
3.      He was famous for rock-and-roll.
4.      He was born in Tupelo, Mississippi.
5.      He was born on January 8, 1935
6.      He started singing in church.
7.      He taught himself to play the guitar.
8.      He first became popular on the local touring circuit for country-and-western music.
9.      He sang romantic songs.
10.    He danced erotically.
11.    Teens loved him for his new style.
12.    He had many hits.
13.    He sang "Love Me Tender", "All Shook Up", and "Don't Be Cruel".
14.    He died on August 16, 1977.
15.    He died in Memphis, Tennessee.
16.    He might have died of drug and alcohol abuse.
E.        Video