Pembelajaran V Hortatory Exposition and Debating

A.       Materi  : Hortatory Exposition and Debating

Hortatory Exposition:

Definition of Hortatory exposition Text

Hortatory exposition is a text which represents the attempt of the writer to have the addressee do something or act in certain way. The purpose of hortatory exposition is used to persuade the reader or listener that something should or should not be the case. In debate we use the structure of hortatory text to construct our ideas, opinion, feeling and imagination. It is important to identify the structure of hortatory text so that we can make use of the proper text as our concept to speak it out.

Generic Structure of Hortatory exposition Text

1.      Thesis : Thesis is the announcement of issue concern.

2.      Arguments : Argument is reason for concern, leading to recommendation.

3.      Recommendation : Recommendation is statement of what ought or ought to happen.

The Characteristics / Language Feature of Hortatory exposition Text:

– Focusing on the writer

– Using abstract noun; policy, advantage, etc

– Using action verb

– Using thinking verb

– Using modal adverb; certainly, surely, etc

– Using temporal connective; firstly, secondly, etc

– Using evaluative words; important, valuable, trustworthy, etc

– Using passive voice

– Using simple present tense

In writing a  hortatory text we need to consider the genre of the text in order that our text are focused and rich in content and style.

Example:

Never Try Smoking

A lot of people, especially teenagers, who do not smoke, always want to try smoking. They know it is bad for them and all, but it is just something they want to try. So they ask one of their smoker friends for a cigarette. Admittedly, they firstly can not light it on their own so they ask his friend to do it. Then they inhale that cigarette and smoke occasionally.

Apparently that makes them the born smokers. Now they do smoke fairly regularly. They can not avoid smoking and they enjoy too. They have smoker friends. Everyday they bring a pack in their pocket. For them, a pack of cigarette is as important as a wallet for their money.

Suddenly, for certain reason, they realize the fact that tobacco is the cause of a long list of nasty diseases. It is not only heart disease, stroke, and chronic lung disease but also bladder, lung, and pancreatic cancer. Even it was reported that around 400,000 Americans died each year. It was one every 80 seconds from tobacco-related illnesses.

Then they decide it is stupid to harm selves. They want to quit smoking. Unfortunately, they find that quitting smoking is so difficult. “Why can’t I stop smoking? I really want to stop it”. It is hard to quit because nicotine is powerfully addictive. Cigarette is one of the most efficient drug-delivery devices ever devised. As result, when people try to quit smoking, they often experience classic nicotine withdrawal symptoms such as anxiety, irritability, headache, depression, and restlessness.

Well, still want to try smoke? Think the facts before trying! If you are not smoker, you should never and never try to smoke.

Debating:

Debate is a process that involves formal discussion on a particular topic. In a debate, opposing arguments are put forward to argue for opposing viewpoints. Debate occurs in public meetings, academic institutions, and legislative assemblies. In a formal debating contest, there are rules for participants to discuss and decide on differences, within a framework defining how they will do it. Debate is a process that involves formal discussion on a particular topic.

 Debate means:

• Clashing of arguments
• Supporting or opposing something (pro and con)
• Aim: to prove our beliefs
• Using critical thinking

In debate: we use opinion. Debating is not just about addressing the problems but bringing  a solution. Progress is about how to respect for the variety of perspectives. The art of debating teaches you to prove your point, even if you get the contradiction. It tests your reasoning. On the whole, debates teach you the techniques to convince your belief to others, how to defend yourself when contradicted and how to express yourself in a formal manner. Debating aims at arriving at a conclusive notion about a certain issue. The purpose of debate is to express yourself and speak your heart out on a given topic.

The issue which is used in debate must contain an opinion not a factual statement.

What’s the differences

•     Opinion: has a stance, whether support or oppose something
•      Statement: NEUTRAL, merely factual or data

The fact is something, that has actually taken place or known to have existed, which can be validated with pieces of evidence.

The term ‘opinion’ is defined as the personal view or judgment about a subject.

The fact is described as the statement that can be verified or proved to be true.

a.     Opinion is an expression of judgment or belief about something.

b.     Fact relies on observation or research while opinion is based on assumption.

c.     The fact is an objective reality whereas opinion is a subjective statement.

d.    Facts can be verified with the help of evidence or statistics. On the contrary, opinion is not supported by any evidence.

e.     Facts explain what actually happened. Unlike an opinion, that represents a perception about something.

f.     The fact is that it is universal and does not differ from person to person. As against this, every human being has a different opinion on a particular subject and so, it varies from one person to another.

g.     Facts are shown with unbiased words, however, opinion is expressed with biased words.

h.     Facts can change anybody’s opinion, but vice versa is not possible.

i.      Facts are real information and so it cannot be challenged or debated, but if we talk about opinions, they can be debated.

Why debate?

1.      A lot of phenomena, our world is changing rapidly

ex: life style has been chnaged, abortion, death penalty, nuclear, etc

The colors are not just black and white, there is grey area…

2 sides of every story

Celebrate democratic value - Freedom to have opinion!

 Element of a Debate

   Motion

   Definition

   Team Line & Team Spilt

   Argument

   Rebuttals

   Motion is a debating topic; normally in the form of a statement

   ex: This House would legalize abortion

1.  This House would legalize abortion

2.  This House believe that On line stores is better than traditional stores.

3.  Full day School should be implemented.

4.  Mobile phone has bad effects to people

5.  eBook is better than papper book.

How to define a motion?

- key words

- issues related

- the choice of philosophical and proposal        debate

- parameter/limitation of the debate

Definition clarifies the motion. Good definition is reasonable, debatable, leaving room for Opposition, clearly and logically linked to original motion (not stray too far from intended meaning)

Team Line: a general idea, the main topic of each team’s case

     May not be explicitly formulated (i.e. optional)

     Team with TL = coherent, non-contradictory

Team Split: division (outlining) of arguments between 1st and 2nd Speakers

     Must be given by 1st Speaker for fairness [RULE!]

     Should be balanced between 1st and 2nd

     Each Speaker must already prove the motion

Arguments

Answer the HOW and WHY questions of the debate

Have to be LOGICAL and RELEVANT

A-R-E-L

- assertions

- reasoning

- evidence

- link back

•  1st and 2nd: give 1 or 2 Arguments

•  For each Argument:

– Assertion: state your point

– Reasoning: logically explain why it’s true

– Evidence: give supporting data

– Link: reiterate how this proves the motion

Rebuttals

   Are opposing statement against the opponent’s arguments

   A-R-E-L

   The aim is to destroy your opponent’s case

B.        Rangkuman V

To do a debating we need to write a concept about what we are going to speak out infront of the adjudicator. The concept may be written in the form of hortatory exposition in which it consists of thesis, arguments and recommendation. The concept may consider some criterions such as content, grammar, vocabulary, coherent and unity in its paragraph. The basic concept may be used in the debate session. The debate may consider the content and style to be evaluated to the debaters by adjudicators.

The writing concept may be written in the form of hortatory exposition. The speaking performace is appropriate. In debate we  will elaborate the concept using the steps of debating such as asserting, reasoning, evidents, link back.

C.        Latihan Essay

Please write a composition in the form of hortatory exposition. The topic is about “ Students’ cheating is one of the biggest problems faced by teachers nowadays”

Answer: Alternative jawaban

Students’ cheating is one of the biggest problems faced by teachers nowadays.

Despite the fact that teachers advise their students not to do dishonest acts during tests, some students still do cheating. There are many kinds of cheating that students do during the test or examination, such as looking other students’ work, put some notes under their clothes, write notes or formulas on their desks make hand signals or go to rest rooms to get the answers from their friends.

In my view, students who do cheating are committing a crime. It is a sort of taking something illegally. This crime causes negative results to the students. Students who always cheat deteriorate their mental capacity. Cheating acts also create dependence. They weaken their self confidence. Instead of preparing for the coming test, they are busy to organize notes on a piece of paper. If this awful habit continues, the students will lose their opportunity to develop their intellectual and mind.

Therefore, school should consider cheating as a very serious problem. School board and administration should go hand to overcome this matter. Honesty must be put in school’s vision. Harsh punishment must be applied to students who commit this crime.

D.       Latihan PG

Read the following text to answer the questions provided!

1.  When a person old enough to be responsible for a crime? This question needs to be investigated because the current law is not good enough

2.  The law at present protects children aged between ten years and four years from being punished for committing crimes. It is believed that children under fourteen years are too young to realize the seriousness of their crimes. Mr. Stephen Scarlett, head of the NSW Children’s Court, describes how clever young offenders use this defense, saying that they are too young to understand that they have broken the law. Mr. Scarlett, an expert on this subject, states that the age should be dropped from fourteen to twelve years. I agree with this.

3.  Teenagers these days are far more sophisticated than those in the past. The law should recognize this. In a recent survey some people suggested that the age for being responsible for a crime should be dropped to eight years old. This, I feel, is too young. Fourteen, however, is too old. Is there anyone who believes that a fourteen-year-old does not know that it is against the law to steal or vandalize property? By the age of twelve, children are aware of what is legal and what is not.

4.  Public pressure creates change. It is now up to the public to put pressure on the government to change the age at which a person may be held responsible for a crime from fourteen years to twelve years. Out of date laws have no place in a modern society, especially one that needs people to be responsible for their actions.

Choose the answer that fits best!

Answer the following question based on the text above:

1. What does the text above talk about?

A.When a person is old enough to be responsible for a crime

B.When a person is being punished for committing crimes

C.When children are too young to be responsible for a crime

D.When a person is too old to be responsible for a crime

E.When do teenagers realize the seriousness of their crimes

2. In what age are the children protected by the present law from being punished for committing crimes?

A.Ten years old

B.Fourteen years old

C.Ten to fourteen years old

D.Eight years old

E.Twelve years old

3. In what paragraph do we find the recommendation of the text above…..

A.In the first paragraph

B.In the second paragraph

C.In the third paragraph

D.In the fourth paragraph

E.In the fifth paragraph

4. The part of the text which states what ought or ought not to happen is called…..

A.Thesis

B.Argument

C.Elaboration

D.Reiteration

E.Recommendation

5.“Teenagers these days are far more sophisticated than those in the past.

            The word “those” refer to…..

A.Days

B.Teenagers

C.Laws

D.Children

E.Crimes

6. What type of genre does the text belong to?
     A. Analytical exposition
     B. Hortatory exposition
     C. Report
     D. Description
     E. Narrative

        7. “Mr. Scarlett, an expert on this subject, states that the age should be dropped from fourteen to                twelve years. "I agree with this". The underlined sentence expresses…..

A. Argument

B. Opinion

C. Certainty

D. Debate

E. Agreement

Space travel should be stopped for many reasons. Firstly, it is totally unsafe as proven by the Colombia Space Shuttle disaster. Thousand people have been killed in accidents. Secondly, it costs billions and billions dollars everyday just to put fuel into rockets. Professor Smith from the Spend Money on People Space Association agrees that space travel is a waste of time and money. Further, space travel is altering the world’s weather pattern as evidenced by the record of high temperatures this summer in Cobar. Everyone knows that if God wanted us to fly in space we should have been born with space suits. Stop space before it destroys the earth.

8. “Professor Smith from the Spend Money on People not Space Association agree that space travel is a waste of time and money.”

The sentence contains a word expresses…..

A.Agreement

B.Disagreement

C.Contrast

D.Certainty

E.Desire

9. Which is not true based on the text above…..

A.Space travel should be stopped

B.Space travel destroys the earth

C.Space travel costs billions and billions of dollars everyday

D.Space travel offer benefits to the earth

E.Space travel is unsafe

10.What does the text above mainly talk about?

A. Air travel

B. Road travel

C. Water travel

D. Space travel

E. Rocket travel

11. Stop space before it destroys the earth.

This part of paragraph indicates the…..

A. Reiteration

B. Reinforcement

C. Argument

D. Recomendation

E. Elaboration

12. Stop space before it destroys the earth

What does the word it refer to…..

A.Space

B.Travel

C.Space travel

D.The earth

E.Space suit

13. “Further, space travel is altering the world’s weather pattern as evidenced by the record of high temperatures this summer in Cobar.”

The underlined word is a transitional word showing…..

A.Time

B.Addition

C.Logical relationship

D.Conclusion

E.Example

Answer Key :

1.   A   2.C    3.D    4. E      5.B    6.B     7.E     8.B    9.D    10.D    11.D

E.        Evaluasi

Essay

1.      Please write a composition in the form of hortatory exposition. The topic is about “ . You may choose one of the following topics.

a.       Abortion is immoral

b.      The Use of mobile phone at School is harmfull

c.       The Online game is far more disadvantageous that advantageous

d.      National Exam is not relevant with the Need of today’s Students Career.

e.       Government should conduct seriously against smoking
The Rule of Scoring
Vocabulary : 1 - 5
Grammar    : 1 -5
Content      : 1 - 5
Coherent    : 1 - 5
Unity          : 1 - 5
    The result of portofolio is submitted directly in a papersheet. Please confirm it to a  teacher related to your class..

2. Please write an essay in the form of expositions text based on the video below:

3. Multiple Choice Evaluation:

G.        Video